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*usr_10.txt* For Vim version 6.0. Last change: 2001 Sep 18 VIM USER MANUAL - by Bram Moolenaar Making big changes In chapter 4 several ways to make small changes were explained. This chapter goes into making changes that are repeated or can affect a large amount of text. The Visual mode allows doing various things with blocks of text. Use an external program to do really complicated things. |10.1| Record and playback commands |10.2| Substitution |10.3| Command ranges |10.4| The global command |10.5| Visual block mode |10.6| Reading and writing part of a file |10.7| Formatting text |10.8| Changing case |10.9| Using an external program Next chapter: |usr_11.txt| Recovering from a crash Previous chapter: |usr_09.txt| Using the GUI Table of contents: |usr_toc.txt| ============================================================================== *10.1* Record and playback commands The "." command repeats the preceding change. But what if you want to do something more complex than a single change? That's where command recording comes in. There are three steps: 1. The "q{register}" command starts recording keystrokes into the register named {register}. The register name must be between a and z. 2. Type your commands. 3. To finish recording, press q (without any extra character). You can now execute the macro by typing the command "@{register}". Take a look at how to use these commands in practice. You have a list of filenames that look like this: stdio.h ~ fcntl.h ~ unistd.h ~ stdlib.h ~ And what you want is the following: #include "stdio.h" ~ #include "fcntl.h" ~ #include "unistd.h" ~ #include "stdlib.h" ~ You start by moving to the first character of the first line. Next you execute the following commands: qa Start recording a macro in register a. ^ Move to the beginning of the line. i#include "<Esc> Insert the string #include " at the beginning of the line. $ Move to the end of the line. a"<Esc> Append the character double quotation mark (") to the end of the line. j Go to the next line. q Stop recording the macro. Now that you have done the work once, you can repeat the change by typing the command "@a" three times. The "@a" command can be preceded by a count, which will cause the macro to be executed that number of times. In this case you would type: > 3@a MOVE AND EXECUTE You might have the lines you want to change in various places. Just move the cursor to each location and use the "@a" command. If you have done that once, you can do it again with "@@". That's a bit easier to type. If you now execute register b with "@b", the next "@@" will use register b. If you compare the playback method with using ".", there are several differences. First of all, "." can only repeat one change. As seen in the example above, "@a" can do several changes, and move around as well. Secondly, "." can only remember the last change. Executing a register allows you to make any changes and then still use "@a" to replay the recorded commands. Finally, you can use 26 different registers. Thus you can remember 26 different command sequences to execute. USING REGISTERS The registers used for recording are the same ones you used for yank and delete commands. This allows you to mix recording with other commands to manipulate the registers. Suppose you have recorded a few commands in register n. When you execute this with "@n" you notice you did something wrong. You could try recording again, but perhaps you will make another mistake. Instead, use this trick: G Go to the end of the file. o<Esc> Create an empty line. "np Put the text from the n register. You now see the commands you typed as text in the file. {edits} Change the commands that were wrong. This is just like editing text. 0 Go to the start of the line. "ny$ Yank the corrected commands into the n register. dd Delete the scratch line. Now you can execute the corrected commands with "@n". (If your recorded commands include line breaks, adjust the last two items in the example to include all the lines). APPENDING TO A REGISTER So far we have used a lowercase letter for the register name. To append to a register, use an uppercase letter. Suppose you have recorded a command to change a word to register c. It works properly, but you would like to add a search for the next word to change. This can be done with: > qC/word<Enter>q You start with "qC", which records to the c register and appends. Thus writing to an uppercase register name means to append to the register with the same letter, but lowercase. This works both with recording and with yank and delete commands. For example, you want to collect a sequence of lines into the a register. Yank the first line with: > "aY Now move to the second line, and type: > "AY Repeat this command for all lines. The a register now contains all those lines, in the order you yanked them. ============================================================================== *10.2* Substitution The ":substitute" command enables you to perform string replacements on a whole range of lines. The general form of this command is as follows: > :[range]substitute/from/to/[flags] This command changes the "from" string to the "to" string in the lines specified with [range]. For example, you can change "Professor" to "Teacher" in all lines with the following command: > :%substitute/Professor/Teacher/ < Note: The :substitute command is almost never spelled out completely. Most of the time, people use the abbreviated version ":s". From here on the abbreviation will be used. The "%" before the command specifies the command works on all lines. Without a range, ":s" only works on the current line. More about ranges in the next section. By default, the ":substitute" command changes only the first occurrence on each line. For example, the preceding command changes the line: Professor Smith criticized Professor Johnson today. ~ to: Teacher Smith criticized Professor Johnson today. ~ To change every occurrence on the line, you need to add the g (global) flag. The command: > :%s/Professor/Teacher/g results in (starting with the original line): Teacher Smith criticized Teacher Johnson today. ~ Other flags include p (print), which causes the ":substitute" command to print out each line it changes. The c (confirm) flag tells ":substitute" to ask you for confirmation before it performs each substitution. Enter the following: > :%s/Professor/Teacher/c Vim finds the first occurrence of "Professor" and displays the text it is about to change. You get the following prompt: > replace with Teacher (y/n/a/q/l/^E/^Y)? At this point, you must enter one of the following answers: y Yes; make this change. n No; skip this match. a All; make this change and all remaining ones without further confirmation. q Quit; don't make any more changes. l Last; make this change and then quit. CTRL-E Scroll the text one line up. CTRL-Y Scroll the text one line down. The "from" part of the substitute command is actually a pattern. The same kind as used for the search command. For example, this command only substitutes "the" when it appears at the start of a line: > :s/^the/these/ If you are substituting with a "from" or "to" part that includes a slash, you need to put a backslash before it. A simpler way is to use another character instead of the slash. A plus, for example: > :s+one/two+one or two+ ============================================================================== *10.3* Command ranges The ":substitute" command, and many other : commands, can be applied to a selection of lines. This is called a range. The simple form of a range is {number},{number}. For example: > :1,5s/this/that/g Executes the substitute command on the lines 1 to 5. Line 5 is included. The range is always placed before the command. A single number can be used to address one specific line: > :54s/President/Fool/ Some commands work on the whole file when you do not specify a range. To make them work on the current line the "." address is used. The ":write" command works like that. Without a range, it writes the whole file. To make it write only the current line into a file: > :.write otherfile The first line always has number one. How about the last line? The "$" character is used for this. For example, to substitute in the lines from the cursor to the end: > :.,$s/yes/no/ The "%" range that we used before, is actually a short way to say "1,$", from the first to the last line. USING A PATTERN IN A RANGE Suppose you are editing a chapter in a book, and want to replace all occurences of "grey" with "gray". But only in this chapter, not in the next one. You know that only chapter boundaries have the word "Chapter" in the first column. This command will work then: > :?^Chapter?,/^Chapter/s=grey=gray=g You can see a search pattern is used twice. The first "?^Chapter?" finds the line above the current position that matches this pattern. Thus the ?pattern? range is used to search backwards. Similarly, "/^Chapter/" is used to search forward for the start of the next chapter. To avoid confusion with the slashes, the "=" character was used in the substitute command here. A slash or another character would have worked as well. ADD AND SUBTRACT There is a slight error in the above command: If the title of the next chapter had included "grey" it would be replaced as well. Maybe that's what you wanted, but what if you didn't? Then you can specify an offset. To search for a pattern and then use the line above it: > /Chapter/-1 You can use any number instead of the 1. To address the second line below the match: > /Chapter/+2 The offsets can also be used with the other items in a range. Look at this one: > :.+3,$-5 This specifies the range that starts three lines below the cursor and ends five lines before the last line in the file. USING MARKS Instead of figuring out the line numbers of certain positions, remembering them and typing them in a range, you can use marks. Place the marks as mentioned in chapter 3. For example, use "mt" to mark the top of an area and "mb" to mark the bottom. Then you can use this range to specify the lines between the marks (including the lines with the marks): > :'t,'b VISUAL MODE AND RANGES You can select text with Visual mode. If you then press ":" to start a colon command, you will see this: > :'<,'> Now you can type the command and it will be applied to the range of lines that was visually selected. Note: When using Visual mode to select part of a line, or using CTRL-V to select a block of text, the colon commands will still apply to whole lines. This might change in a future version of Vim. The '< and '> are actually marks, placed at the start and end of the Visual selection. The marks remain at their position until another Visual selection is made. Thus you can use the "'<" command to jump to position where the Visual area started. And you can mix the marks with other items: > :'>,$ This addresses the lines from the end of the Visual area to the end of the file. A NUMBER OF LINES When you know how many lines you want to change, you can type the number and then ":". For example, when you type "5:", you will get: > :.,.+4 Now you can type the command you want to use. It will use the range "." (current line) until ".+4" (four lines down). Thus it spans five lines. ============================================================================== *10.4* The global command The ":global" command is one of the more powerful features of Vim. It allows you to find a match for a pattern and execute a command there. The general form is: > :[range]global/{pattern}/{command} This is similar to the ":substitute" command. But, instead of replacing the matched text with other text, the command {command} is executed. Note: The command executed for ":global" must be one that starts with a colon. Normal mode commands can not be used directly. The |:normal| command can do this for you. Suppose you want to change "foobar" to "barfoo", but only in C++ style comments. These comments start with "//". Use this command: > :g+//+s/foobar/barfoo/g This starts with ":g". That is short for ":global", just like ":s" is short for ":substitute". Then the pattern, enclosed in plus characters. Since the pattern we are looking for contains a slash, this uses the plus character to separate the pattern. Next comes the substitute command that changes "foobar" into "barfoo". The default range for the global command is the whole file. Thus no range was specified in this example. This is different from ":substitute", which works on one line without a range. The command isn't perfect, since it also matches lines where "//" appears halfway a line, and the substitution will also take place before the "//". Just like with ":substitute", any pattern can be used. When you learn more complicated patterns later, you can use them here. ============================================================================== *10.5* Visual block mode With CTRL-V you can start selection of a rectangular area of text. There are a few commands that do something special with the text block. There is something special about using the "$" command in Visual block mode. When the last motion command used was "$", all lines in the Visual selection will extend until the end of the line, also when the line with the cursor is shorter. This remains effective until you use a motion command that moves the cursor horizontally. Thus using "j" keeps it, "h" stops it. INSERTING TEXT The command "I{string}<Esc>" inserts the text {string} in each line, just left of the visual block. You start by pressing CTRL-V to enter visual block mode. Now you move the cursor to define your block. Next you type I to enter Insert mode, followed by the text to insert. As you type, the text appears on the first line only. After you press <Esc> to end the insert, the text will magically be inserted in the rest of the lines contained in the visual selection. Example: include one ~ include two ~ include three ~ include four ~ Move the cursor to the "o" of "one" and press CTRL-V. Move it down with "3j" to "four". You now have a block selection that spans four lines. Now type: > Imain.<Esc> The result: include main.one ~ include main.two ~ include main.three ~ include main.four ~ If the block spans short lines that do not extend into the block, the text is not inserted in that line. For example, make a Visual block selection that includes the word "long" in the first and last line of this text, and thus has no text selected in the second line: This is a long line ~ short ~ Any other long line ~ ^^^^ selected block Now use the command "Ivery <Esc>". The result is: This is a very long line ~ short ~ Any other very long line ~ In the short line no text was inserted. If the string you insert contains a newline, the "I" acts just like a Normal insert command and affects only the first line of the block. The "A" command works the same way, except that it appends after the right side of the block. There is one special case for "A": Select a Visual block and then use "$" to make the block extend to the end of each line. Using "A" now will append the text to the end of each line. Using the same example from above, and then typing "$A XXX<Esc>, you get this result: This is a long line XXX ~ short XXX ~ Any other long line XXX ~ This really requires using the "$" command. Vim remembers that it was used. Making the same selection by moving the cursor to the end of the longest line with other movement commands will not have the same result. CHANGING TEXT The Visual block "c" command deletes the block and then throws you into Insert mode to enable you to type in a string. The string will be inserted in each line in the block. Starting with the same selection of the "long" words as above, then typing "c_LONG_<Esc>", you get this: This is a _LONG_ line ~ short ~ Any other _LONG_ line ~ Just like with "I" the short line is not changed. Also, you can't enter a newline in the new text. The "C" command deletes text from the left edge of the block to the end of line. It then puts you in Insert mode so that you can type in a string, which is added to the end of each line. Starting with the same text again, and typing "Cnew text<Esc>" you get: This is a new text ~ short ~ Any other new text ~ Notice that, even though only the "long" word was selected, the text after it is deleted as well. Thus only the location of the left edge of the visual block really matters. Again, short lines that do not reach into the block are excluded. Other commands that change the characters in the block: ~ swap case (a -> A and A -> a) U make uppercase (a -> A and A -> A) u make lowercase (a -> a and A -> a) FILLING WITH A CHARACTER To fill the whole block with one character, use the "r" command. Again, starting with the same example text from above, and then typing "rx": This is a xxxx line ~ short ~ Any other xxxx line ~ Note: If you want to include characters beyond the end of the line in the block, check out the 'virtualedit' feature in chapter 25. SHIFTING The command ">" shifts the selected text to the right one shift amount, inserting whitespace. The starting point for this shift is the left edge of the visual block. With the same example again, ">" gives this result: This is a long line ~ short ~ Any other long line ~ The shift amount is specified with the 'shiftwidth' option. To change it to use 4 spaces: > :set shiftwidth=4 The "<" command removes one shift amount of whitespace at the left edge of the block. This command is limited by the amount of text that is there; so if there is less than a shift amount of whitespace available, it removes what it can. JOINING LINES The "J" command joins all selected lines together into one line. Thus it removes the line breaks. Actually, the line break, leading white space and trailing white space is replaced by one space. Two spaces are used after a line ending (that can be changed with the 'joinspaces' option). Let's use the example that we got so familiar with now. The result of using the "J" command: This is a long line short Any other long line ~ The "J" command doesn't require a blockwise selection. It works with "v" and "V" selection in exactly the same way. If you don't want the white space to be changed, use the "gJ" command. ============================================================================== *10.6* Reading and writing part of a file When you are writing an e-mail message, you may want to include another file. This can be done with the ":read {filename}" command. The text of the file is put below the cursor line. Starting with this text: Hi John, ~ Here is the diff that fixes the bug: ~ Bye, Pierre. ~ Move the cursor to the second line and type: > :read patch The file named "patch" will be inserted, with this result: Hi John, ~ Here is the diff that fixes the bug: ~ 2c2 ~ < for (i = 0; i <= length; ++i) ~ --- ~ > for (i = 0; i < length; ++i) ~ Bye, Pierre. ~ The ":read" command accepts a range. The file will be put below the last line number of this range. Thus ":$r patch" appends the file "patch" at the end of the file. What if you want to read the file above the first line? This can be done with the line number zero. This line doesn't really exist, you will get an error message when using it with most commands. But this command is allowed: > :0read patch The file "patch" will be put above the first line of the file. WRITING A RANGE OF LINES To write a range of lines to a file, the ":write" command can be used. Without a range it writes the whole file. With a range only the specified lines are written: > :.,$write tempo This writes the lines from the cursor until the end of the file into the file "tempo". If this file already exists you will get an error message. Vim protects you from accidentally overwriting an existing file. If you know what you are doing and want to overwrite the file, append !: > :.,$write! tempo CAREFUL: The ! must follow the ":write" command immediately, without white space. Otherwise it becomes a filter command, which is explained later in this chapter. APPENDING TO A FILE In the first section of this chapter was explained how to collect a number of lines into a register. The same can be done to collect lines in a file. Write the first line with this command: > :.write collection Now move the cursor to the second line you want to collect, and type this: > :.write >>collection The ">>" tells Vim the "collection" file is not to be written as a new file, but the line must be appended at the end. You can repeat this as many times as you like. ============================================================================== *10.7* Formatting text When you are typing plain text, it's nice if the length of each line is automatically trimmed to fit in the window. To make this happen while inserting text, set the 'textwidth' option: > :set textwidth=72 You might remember that in the example vimrc file this command was used for every text file. Thus if you are using that vimrc file, you were already using it. To check the current value of 'textwidth': > :set textwidth Now lines will be broken to take only up to 72 characters. But when you insert text halfway a line, or when you delete a few words, the lines will get too long or too short. Vim doesn't automatically reformat the text. To tell Vim to format the current paragraph: > gqap This starts with the "gq" command, which is an operator. Following is "ap", the text object that stands for "a paragraph". A paragraph is separated from the next paragraph by an empty line. Note: A blank line, which contains white space, does NOT separate paragraphs. This is hard to notice! Instead of "ap" you could use any motion or text object. If your paragraphs are properly separated, you can use this command to format the whole file: > gggqG "gg" takes you to the first line, "gq" is the format operator and "G" the motion that jumps to the last line. In case your paragraphs aren't clearly defined, you can format just the lines you manually select. Move the cursor to the first line you want to format. Start with the command "gqj". This formats the current line and the one below it. If the first line was short, words from the next line will be appended. If it was too long, words will be moved to the next line. The cursor moves to the second line. Now you can use "." to repeat the command. Keep doing this until you are at the end of the text you want to format. ============================================================================== *10.8* Changing case You have text with section headers in lowercase. You want to make the word "section" all uppercase. Do this with the "gU" operator. Start with the cursor in the first column: > gUw < section header ----> SECTION header The "gu" operator does exactly the opposite: > guw < SECTION header ----> section header You can also use "g~" to swap case. All these are operators, thus they work with any motion command, with text objects and in Visual mode. To make an operator work on lines you double it. The delete operator is "d", thus to delete a line you use "dd". Similarly, "gugu" makes a whole line lowercase. This can be shortened to "guu". "gUgU" is shortened to "gUU" and "g~g~" to "g~~". Example: > g~~ < Some GIRLS have Fun ----> sOME girls HAVE fUN ~ ============================================================================== *10.9* Using an external program Vim has a very powerful set of commands, it can do anything. But there may still be something that an external command can do better or faster. The command "!{motion}{program}" takes a block of text and filters it through an external program. In other words, it runs the system command represented by {program}, giving it the block of text represented by {motion} as input. The output of this command then replaces the selected block. Because this summarizes badly if you are unfamiliar with UNIX filters, take a look at an example. The sort command sorts a file. If you execute the following command, the unsorted file input.txt will be sorted and written to output.txt. (This works on both UNIX and Microsoft Windows.) > sort <input.txt >output.txt Now do the same thing in Vim. You want to sort lines 1 through 5 of a file. You start by putting the cursor on line 1. Next you execute the following command: > !5G The "!" tells Vim that you are performing a filter operation. The Vim editor expects a motion command to follow, indicating which part of the file to filter. The "5G" command tells Vim to go to line 5, so it now knows that it is to filter lines 1 (the current line) through 5. In anticipation of the filtering, the cursor drops to the bottom of the screen and a ! prompt displays. You can now type in the name of the filter program, in this case "sort". Therefore, your full command is as follows: > !5Gsort<Enter> The result is that the sort program is run on the first 5 lines. The output of the program replaces these lines. line 55 line 11 line 33 line 22 line 11 --> line 33 line 22 line 44 line 44 line 55 last line last line The "!!" command filters the current line through a filter. In Unix the "date" command prints the current time and date. "!!date<Enter>" replaces the current line with the output of "date". This is useful to add a timestamp to a file. WHEN IT DOESN'T WORK Starting a shell, sending it text and capturing the output requires that Vim knows how the shell works exactly. When you have problems with filtering, check the values of these options: 'shell' specifies the program that Vim uses to execute external programs. 'shellcmdflag' argument to pass a command to the shell 'shellquote' quote to be used around the command 'shellxquote' quote to be used around the command and redirection 'shelltype' kind of shell (only for the Amiga) 'shellslash' use forward slashes in the command (only for MS-Windows and alikes) 'shellredir' string used to write the command output into a file On Unix this is hardly ever a problem, because there are two kinds of shells: "sh" like and "csh" like. Vim checks the 'shell' option and sets related options automatically, depending on whether it sees "csh" somewhere in 'shell'. On MS-Windows, however, there are many different shells and you might have to tune the options to make filtering work. Check the help for the options for more information. READING COMMAND OUTPUT To read the contents of the current directory into the file, use this: on Unix: > :read !ls on MS-Windows: > :read !dir The output of the "ls" or "dir" command is captured and inserted in the text, below the cursor. This is similar to reading a file, except that the "!" is used to tell Vim that a command follows. The command may have arguments. And a range can be used to tell where Vim should put the lines: > :0read !date -u This inserts the current time and date in UTC format at the top of the file. (Well, if you have a date command that accepts the "-u" argument.) Note the difference with using "!!date": that replaced a line, while ":read !date" will insert a line. WRITING TEXT TO A COMMAND The Unix command "wc" counts words. To count the words in the current file: > :write !wc This is the same write command as before, but instead of a file name the "!" character is used and the name of an external command. The written text will be passed to the specified command as its standard input. The output could look like this: 4 47 249 ~ The "wc" command isn't verbose. This means you have 4 lines, 47 words and 249 characters. Watch out for this mistake: > :write! wc This will write the file "wc" in the current directory, with force. White space is important here! REDRAWING THE SCREEN If the external command produced an error message, the display may have been messed up. Vim is very efficient and only redraws those parts of the screen that it knows need redrawing. But it can't know about what another program has written. To tell Vim to redraw the screen: > CTRL-L ============================================================================== Next chapter: |usr_11.txt| Recovering from a crash Copyright: see |manual-copyright| vim:tw=78:ts=8:ft=help:norl: